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What you need to know about LUNG CANCER

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Lung cancer is a type of cancer that begins in the lungs and it is characterised by uncontrolled growth of cells that start in one or both lungs. According to statistics, lung cancer is the most common cause of cancer-related deaths in men and second most common in women after breast cancer. It is also one of the serious types of cancer.

Cancer is as a result of cells that grow uncontrollably and refuse to die. Initially, normal cells in the body follow an orderly path of growth, division and death. Unlike regular cells, cancer cells do not experience programmatic death and instead continue to grow and divide. This leads to a mass of abnormal cells that grow out of control. Lung cancer occurs when a lung cell’s gene mutation makes the cell unable to correct DNA damage and does not die. Mutation can occur for a variety of reasons among them inhaling carcinogenic substances.

Lung cancer that starts in the lungs is of two main types: small cell lung cancer and non-small cell lung cancer. In small cell lung cancer, the cancer cells are small and spreads faster while in non-small cell cancer, the cancer cells are large and it is the most common type of lung cancer.

Causes of lung cancer…

Smoking: Smoking causes most cases of lung cancer although people who have never smoked can also develop the illness. Experts say smoking cigarette alone contributes up to 85 per cent of the cases hence making it the major cause of lung cancer.

Tobacco smoke contains more than 60 different toxic substances, which can lead to cancer. These substances are known to be carcinogenic. If you smoke more than 25 cigarettes a day, you are 25 times more likely to get lung cancer than a non-smoker. While smoking cigarette is the biggest factor contributing to lung cancer, other types of tobacco products can also increase your risk of developing the disease.

Occupational exposure and pollution:

Exposure to certain chemicals and substances used in several occupations and industries such as asbestos has been linked to a slightly higher risk of developing lung cancer. Other causes include family history of lung cancer, previous lung disease and lowered immunity, among others.

Symptoms of lung cancer…

Symptoms of lung cancer may take years before they manifest. Many of its symptoms affect the chest and air passages.

They include: Persistent or intense coughing Pain in the chest shoulder Difficulty swallowing and breathing Hoarseness of the voice Harsh sounds while breathing Coughing blood among others.

If the lung cancer spreads, additional symptoms can be seen in the newly affected area. Swollen lymph nodes are common and likely to be present early.

Staging of lung cancer…

Staging refers to determining how big the lung cancer is and how far it has spread. Staging is important as it helps the doctor to decide which treatment regimen he will use. Lung cancer has four main stages.

Stage 1: The cancer is small and localised (only in one area of the lung).

Stage 2 and 3: The cancer is larger than in stage 1 and may have spread to the surrounding tissues. There may also be cancer cells in the lymph nodes.

Stage 4: The cancer has spread to other parts of the body.

Lung cancer treatment…

Your doctor will decide a treatment plan based on a number of factors such as your  overall health, the type and stage of the cancer and your preferences. Options typically

include one or more treatments, including surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy or targeted drug therapy.

Surgery: It is mostly used to treat non-small cell lung cancer. It is advisable to use chemotherapy or radiotherapy if your cancer is very near to the heart, food pipe and major blood vessels. During surgery, your doctor works to remove the lung cancer and a margin of healthy tissue. Note: Surgery is used if the cancer is diagnosed at an early stage.

Chemotherapy: Here is where you use drugs to kill cancer cells. One or more chemotherapy drugs may be given through a vein in your arm or taken orally. A combination of drugs is given in series of treatments over a period of weeks or months with breaks in between so that you can recover. It is often used after surgery so that it can kill cells that may remain.

Radiation therapy: This uses high-powered energy beams from sources such as X-rays and protons to kill cancer cells. Radiation therapy can be directed at your lung cancer from outside your body or it can be put inside needles and placed inside your body near the cancer. It can also be used after surgery to kill any cancer cells that may remain. It may also be used as the first treatment for lung cancers that can’t be removed during surgery. For people with advanced lung cancer, radiation therapy may be used to relieve pain and other symptoms.

Expert Advice…

Secondary cancer is cancer that has spread from somewhere else in the body. The choice of cancer treatment will depend on where the cancer started. You should have an urgent X-ray if you cough up blood or have blood in your phlegm.

April 2016

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Cover Story

Elizabeth Nzisa: The Firstborn Who Became a Mother Overnight

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While most teenagers spend their days focused on school, friendships, and dreams for the future, Elizabeth Nzisa, fondly known as Shiku, was forced to grow up much faster than she ever imagined. At only 17 years old, she found herself taking on the role of a mother to her three younger siblings after her family was hit by tragedy not once, but twice.

Her story, shared in an emotional interview, is a powerful reflection of strength, sacrifice and the deep bond between siblings. Elizabeth recalls the moment her life changed completely. Her mother died while giving birth to their youngest sibling, a baby boy. In the middle of that painful loss, their father walked away from the family, leaving Elizabeth alone with a newborn and two other young children to care for.

Mama yetu alipass 2024, Feb. Alipass akipata haka katoto kadogo. Dad naye akatuacha akaenda

 

Becoming a Mother Too Soon

She explains that she had no choice but to step up and become the parent in the house. She raised her youngest brother from the day he was born, and to this day he calls her mum, not knowing she is actually his big sister. That detail alone shows how much responsibility she carried at such a young age. She became the provider, the protector, the caregiver, and the emotional support for her siblings while she was still trying to understand life herself. With little help from relatives, Elizabeth had to find ways to survive, balancing school when she could, doing small jobs and making sure her siblings were fed, safe and loved.

The journey was not easy. She faced financial struggles, emotional exhaustion, and the pressure of trying to stay strong even when she felt overwhelmed. There were moments when she doubted herself and wondered if she was doing enough. Still, her story is not about defeat. It is about endurance. Elizabeth talks about finding strength through faith, support from the people around her, and the determination to keep her family together no matter how hard things became.

Over the years, she made sure her siblings stayed in school, had food on the table, and grew up feeling loved despite everything they had lost. What could have been a completely broken home became a family held together by her sacrifice and commitment.

Many viewers reacted emotionally, saying the story moved them to tears. Some described firstborn daughters as second mothers, while others said her life shows the kind of courage people rarely see but should never forget.

 

Click here to read our March issue 2026

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Cover Story

Elizabeth Nzisa: The Firstborn Who Became a Mother Overnight

Published

on

While most teenagers spend their days focused on school, friendships, and dreams for the future, Elizabeth Nzisa, fondly known as Shiku, was forced to grow up much faster than she ever imagined. At only 17 years old, she found herself taking on the role of a mother to her three younger siblings after her family was hit by tragedy not once, but twice.

Her story, shared in an emotional interview, is a powerful reflection of strength, sacrifice and the deep bond between siblings. Elizabeth recalls the moment her life changed completely. Her mother died while giving birth to their youngest sibling, a baby boy. In the middle of that painful loss, their father walked away from the family, leaving Elizabeth alone with a newborn and two other young children to care for.

Mama yetu alipass 2024, Feb. Alipass akipata haka katoto kadogo. Dad naye akatuacha akaenda

 

Becoming a Mother Too Soon

She explains that she had no choice but to step up and become the parent in the house. She raised her youngest brother from the day he was born, and to this day he calls her mum, not knowing she is actually his big sister. That detail alone shows how much responsibility she carried at such a young age. She became the provider, the protector, the caregiver, and the emotional support for her siblings while she was still trying to understand life herself. With little help from relatives, Elizabeth had to find ways to survive, balancing school when she could, doing small jobs and making sure her siblings were fed, safe and loved.

The journey was not easy. She faced financial struggles, emotional exhaustion, and the pressure of trying to stay strong even when she felt overwhelmed. There were moments when she doubted herself and wondered if she was doing enough. Still, her story is not about defeat. It is about endurance. Elizabeth talks about finding strength through faith, support from the people around her, and the determination to keep her family together no matter how hard things became.

Over the years, she made sure her siblings stayed in school, had food on the table, and grew up feeling loved despite everything they had lost. What could have been a completely broken home became a family held together by her sacrifice and commitment.

Many viewers reacted emotionally, saying the story moved them to tears. Some described firstborn daughters as second mothers, while others said her life shows the kind of courage people rarely see but should never forget.

 

Click here to read our March issue 2026

Continue Reading

Cover Story

Endometriosis and sex: How to make intimacy pain-free

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There is no doubt that endometriosis can affect a woman’s way of life. The condition slews a couple of conditions, painful sex being one of them. Penetration pulls and pushes any tissue growth behind the vagina and lower uterus.

Although symptoms may differ from woman to woman, here are some things you can do to lessen your pain and ensure you have some good time:

Take a dose of painkillers

Take an over the counter painkiller that sits well with your body before intercourse and incase pain persists, take another one as prescribed.

Track your cycle and try at certain times of the month

Most women with endometriosis experience excruciating pain during their period and ovulation. Keep track of your cycle so that you can know when you are ovulating. You can use apps like my calendar and flo period tracker to track your periods. This will help you know when best to engage in sexual intercourse.

READ ALSO: Crucial Facts About Endometriosis Everyone Should Know About

Use lube

Vaginal dryness is not something to be ashamed of and if you happen to have it, lube should be your best buddy. Make sure to use any silicon or water based lubricant anytime you feel like your vagina is dry. Ensure the application is of good amount to achieve a wet area.

Explore alternatives

Talk with your partner about things that turn you on and bring you pleasure. Just to mention a few; mutual masturbation, foreplay, kissing and mutual fondling. Sex does not have to mean intercourse.

Try different positions

Experimenting different positions can teach you and your partner which ones hurt and the ones that bring direct pleasure with no or less pain. Positions that are considered better vary from person to person so take the time to explore and learn yourself with your partner.

Find the right rhythm

Finding the right rhythm can help you experience less discomfort during sex. Quick thrusting or deep penetration can aggravate pain. Talk to your partner about that which you do not like and find ways that will satisfy the both of you like exchanging positions so that you can control the speed and rhythm.

Bottom line

Intimacy does not have to be boring, painful or make you hate the condition that you have. Talk openly about your feelings around sex and penetration and what would help to ease your concerns.

Our FREE  e-paper March Issue is here!
As we celebrate our women this month, we bring you the best stories and the most inspiring features to get you going.
Click HERE to read!

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