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HIV/AIDS: Causes, Symptoms, Treatment & Prevention

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HIV remains one of the most studied conditions in the world, yet many people still struggle to understand what it really is and how it affects the body. With new infections still being recorded every year, accurate information is one of the most powerful tools we have.

Here’s a simple, clear guide on the basics.

What HIV Is

A Man holding red ribbon to create awareness on HIV on World AIDS Day

HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus) is a virus that attacks the body’s immune system, specifically the CD4 cells, which help fight infections. When untreated, HIV weakens the immune system over time. If it progresses, it can lead to AIDS (Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome), the advanced stage where the body becomes vulnerable to severe infections.

ALSO READ: World AIDS Day 2025

How HIV Is Transmitted

The virus spreads through specific body fluids: blood, semen, vaginal fluids, rectal fluids, and breast milk. The most common ways include unprotected sex, sharing needles, and from mother to child during pregnancy, childbirth, or breastfeeding. HIV cannot spread through casual contact such as hugging, sharing utensils, or touching surfaces.

Signs and Symptoms

HIV symptoms vary, and some people may not notice anything for years. However, the infection tends to progress in stages:

Acute stage (2–4 weeks after infection): Many people experience flu-like symptoms such as fever, body aches, sore throat, swollen glands, night sweats, or rash.
Chronic stage: The virus becomes active but slow, and symptoms may be mild or absent.
Advanced stage (AIDS): At this point, the immune system is severely weakened. People may experience rapid weight loss, frequent infections, extreme fatigue, prolonged fever, or persistent diarrhoea.

These symptoms are not unique to HIV, which is why testing is the only way to know your status.

Risk Factors

Certain behaviours or circumstances increase the chances of acquiring HIV. These include:
• Having unprotected sex with a partner whose HIV status is unknown.
• Having multiple sexual partners.
• Sharing needles or other injecting equipment.
• Having another sexually transmitted infection (STI).
• Engaging in transactional or coerced sex.
• Lack of access to prevention tools such as condoms or PrEP.
• For infants, being born to a mother living with HIV who is not on treatment.

Understanding these risks helps individuals make informed decisions about their health.

Diagnosis

HIV testing is widely available and completely confidential. Tests may include:
Rapid antibody tests (results in minutes)
Self-test kits, done privately at home
PCR tests, often used for infants
A positive result is not the end, thanks to modern treatment, people living with HIV can live long, healthy lives. Early testing is key.

Prevention

HIV is preventable, and there are several reliable strategies:
Use condoms correctly and consistently.
Take PrEP, a daily or long-acting medicine for people at higher risk.
Avoid sharing needles or sharp objects.
Ensure pregnant women test for HIV and begin treatment immediately, which reduces mother-to-child transmission.
Get regular testing, especially if sexually active.

Prevention works best when people have accurate information and easy access to services.

Treatment

HIV has no cure yet, but treatment has advanced immensely.
Antiretroviral therapy (ART) is the standard treatment.
• It reduces the amount of virus in the body until it becomes “undetectable.”
• When the viral load is undetectable, the virus cannot be transmitted sexually — a concept known as U=U (Undetectable = Untransmittable).
• Treatment must be taken consistently for best results.

With proper care, people living with HIV can lead full, productive, and healthy lives.

Why This Knowledge Matters

Stigma and misinformation still hold many people back from testing and treatment. Understanding what HIV is, and what it is not, is the first step in reducing fear, encouraging early diagnosis, and promoting healthier communities.

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Heartbreak as Body of 12-Year-Old Blessed Claire Muthoni Arrives Home from India

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Kenyans are mourning the loss of Blessed Claire Muthoni, a brave 12-year-old girl from Kihuri in Othaya, Nyeri County, who passed away while undergoing specialised cancer treatment in New Delhi. Claire had been fighting stage 4 cancer for over three years.

The aggressive disease took a heavy toll on her young body, eventually leading to the amputation of one of her legs. Despite the pain and the many challenges she faced, Claire remained hopeful and courageous throughout her journey, inspiring many who followed her story.

On January 19, 2026, she travelled to India with her mother in search of advanced treatment aimed at saving her remaining leg and managing the cancer that had spread to her lungs. The journey was filled with hope, supported by Kenyans from all walks of life who contributed towards her treatment and kept her in their prayers.

A brave fight

While in India, Claire underwent several chemotherapy sessions. Unfortunately, her condition worsened after developing complications, leading to her admission to the Intensive Care Unit. She passed away in hospital last week, leaving behind a grieving family and a nation that had stood with her.

On Monday, March 30, 2026, her remains arrived at Jomo Kenyatta International Airport. The atmosphere at the airport was filled with grief as family members, friends and well-wishers gathered to receive her. Her mother returned home alone, carrying a loss no parent should have to endure.

Claire will be laid to rest in her home area of Othaya in the coming days, as her family begins the difficult process of saying their final goodbyes.

Her story touched thousands across the country, many of whom followed her journey through updates and fundraising efforts. She became a symbol of strength and resilience, and her passing has deeply affected those who had hoped to see her recover.

Beyond the grief, her story has once again brought attention to the challenges families face when dealing with childhood cancer in Kenya. The high cost of specialised treatment, limited access to advanced care locally, and the emotional and financial strain on families often force many to seek treatment abroad.

Read our March issue here 

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Cover Story

Heartbreak as Body of 12-Year-Old Blessed Claire Muthoni Arrives Home from India

Published

on

Kenyans are mourning the loss of Blessed Claire Muthoni, a brave 12-year-old girl from Kihuri in Othaya, Nyeri County, who passed away while undergoing specialised cancer treatment in New Delhi. Claire had been fighting stage 4 cancer for over three years.

The aggressive disease took a heavy toll on her young body, eventually leading to the amputation of one of her legs. Despite the pain and the many challenges she faced, Claire remained hopeful and courageous throughout her journey, inspiring many who followed her story.

On January 19, 2026, she travelled to India with her mother in search of advanced treatment aimed at saving her remaining leg and managing the cancer that had spread to her lungs. The journey was filled with hope, supported by Kenyans from all walks of life who contributed towards her treatment and kept her in their prayers.

A brave fight

While in India, Claire underwent several chemotherapy sessions. Unfortunately, her condition worsened after developing complications, leading to her admission to the Intensive Care Unit. She passed away in hospital last week, leaving behind a grieving family and a nation that had stood with her.

On Monday, March 30, 2026, her remains arrived at Jomo Kenyatta International Airport. The atmosphere at the airport was filled with grief as family members, friends and well-wishers gathered to receive her. Her mother returned home alone, carrying a loss no parent should have to endure.

Claire will be laid to rest in her home area of Othaya in the coming days, as her family begins the difficult process of saying their final goodbyes.

Her story touched thousands across the country, many of whom followed her journey through updates and fundraising efforts. She became a symbol of strength and resilience, and her passing has deeply affected those who had hoped to see her recover.

Beyond the grief, her story has once again brought attention to the challenges families face when dealing with childhood cancer in Kenya. The high cost of specialised treatment, limited access to advanced care locally, and the emotional and financial strain on families often force many to seek treatment abroad.

Read our March issue here 

Continue Reading

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Shock as Section of Gikomba Shoe Market Demolished Overnight

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Traders at Nairobi’s bustling Gikomba Market are counting heavy losses after a section of the popular shoe market (mitumba shoe section) was demolished overnight by Nairobi City County enforcement teams. The operation took place in the early hours of Tuesday morning.

Videos and photos circulating on social media show destroyed merchandise and devastated traders who arrived at the market this morning to find their businesses in ruins. According to reports, the county government carried out the demolition after an eviction notice lapsed. This happened even though the High Court (Environment and Land Court) had earlier issued and extended conservatory orders in March 2026, halting mass demolitions and evictions at Gikomba and surrounding areas along the Nairobi River.

Repeated demolitions

Demolitions at Gikomba are not new. As far back as 1977, the original market was brought down by the government to pave the way for light industries. In recent years, attention has shifted to the riparian land along the Nairobi River, with authorities proposing to expand the buffer zone from 30 metres to 50 metres in a bid to control flooding.

Many traders have raised concerns over what they describe as poor consultation, shifting relocation plans and the lack of a clear and secure alternative site. There are also growing fears that the process could open the door to land grabbing and cartel involvement.

Impact

For most traders at Gikomba, the market is more than just a place of business. It is their only source of livelihood. Repeated fires and demolitions have created a cycle of uncertainty, financial strain and constant rebuilding. Many small business owners say they struggle to recover after each loss, only to face another setback months later.

Calls for improved fire safety measures, fair relocation plans and meaningful engagement with authorities continue to grow louder. Without long term and sustainable solutions, Gikomba traders will continue to bear the high cost of operating in one of Nairobi’s busiest yet most vulnerable markets.

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