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Developmental milestones: what you should know

Understanding developmental milestones helps parents effectively support children to develop a strong sense of confidence and determination.  

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Developmental milestones are tasks that most children can do by a certain age. Children are amazing learners when it comes to developing new skills, learning new vocabularies, absorbing information and learning important skills, and coordination to help develop speech and study social cues and emotional expressions. Studies indicate that 25 % of a child’s brain has already developed at birth, 75% by two years and 90 % by five years. However, children born prematurely may take longer to achieve developmental milestones as required. 

Understanding developmental milestones helps parents effectively support children to develop a strong sense of confidence and determination.  

Early childhood developmental milestones

Milestones are categorized into specific areas namely; physical, mental, emotional, social, speech and language, and motor development. These do not occur in a neat, linear fashion but vary from one child to another.

From birth to twelve months 

During this period, the development of new abilities is rapid and requires stimulation. Children exhibit automatic responses to external stimuli such as turning their heads, acknowledging close objects, recognising certain smells, and smiling or crying to indicate a need. Other notable behaviours are:

  • They calm down when spoken to
  • Seems happy to see you
  • Smile back when you talk
  • Makes sounds other than crying
  • Reacts to loud sounds
  • Opens hands briefly and moves both arms and legs
  • Make controlled head movements
  • Copying some movements and facial expressions
  • Tracking movement with their eyes 
  • Sitting with support
  • Babbling and responding to their name
  • Recognize faces
  • Have favourite toys 
  • Picking up objects between thumb and index finger
  • Pulling themselves to stand while holding on to objects 
  • Holding head up and pushes up while lying on tummy
  • learning to roll from back to front and the majority can sit up by themselves.

Read also: Developmental delays in children: What you should know

One to two years

By one year, the child should be able to:

  • Crawl confidently and move around exploring their surroundings
  • Pick up objects
  • Stand with support
  • Use simple gestures
  • May stand or take a few steps without support
  • Initiate play
  • Point at what they want 
  • Says several single words
  • Eat with a spoon and drink from a cup
  • Show excitement around others
  • Repeat words or sentences often overheard
  • Begin to sort shapes and colours 
  • run, climb, throw, stand on tiptoe. Most children start walking at this stage

See Also: What to do to understand your child better  

The child also 

  • Is often shy or nervous with strangers,
  • Has an increased desire to explore new objects, and people and show greater independence. 
  • Begins to show defiant behaviour
  • Can recognize themselves in pictures or in a mirror
  • Can imitate the behaviour of others
  • Can recognize names of familiar people and objects
  • Can form simple phrases and sentences, and follow simple instructions and directions.

Two to five years

During preschool years, children change into lively explorers, they become stronger and make great strides in thinking, reasoning and learning about letters, counting, and colours. In this stage they:

  • Gradually learn to manage feelings
  • Can walk up-stairs one at a time
  • Kick a ball, can dress and undress
  • Can hold a crayon and can write some lowercase and capital letters, draw a circle, stack one block on top of another, and use short sentences. 

In this stage, the child’s motor skills are also refined. As a result, they:

  • Can throw a ball skip and hop, stand on one foot
  • They can also draw a person with features. 
  • They also exhibit temper tantrums and thumb sucking, and nightmares are common. Moreover, they show a wide range of emotions, show concern for others, follow instructions with two or three steps and play make-believe. 
  • In this stage, children enjoy trying new things and talking about their interests, know some basic grammar rules, and understand the time and the idea of counting. They can also speak clearly in full sentences
  • Like singing and dancing. 
  • Use the toilet without help.

Conclusion 

The best thing a parent can do to support the child in the growth and development of milestones is to show love and affection, provide healthy foods and a rich, safe and friendly environment, and spend quality time with them. Reading and talking help the child to learn a language and opens them up to new ideas. Teaching your child self-help skills and setting limits also helps them feel safe and secure, and allows them to explore. 

The article was written by Dr. Catherine Gichuba, CEO and Lead Consultant at Regional Social Consultants Agency (RESCA).

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‘Yes! We Can End TB’: But Can WHO’s Diagnostic Tools Survive Funding Crunch?

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As the world observed World Tuberculosis Day on 24th March 2026, the global fight against one of history’s deadliest infectious diseases stands at a crossroads. While the World Health Organisation (WHO) has unveiled transformative new diagnostic tools, local health systems, particularly in high-burden countries like Kenya, are sounding the alarm over a funding crisis that threatens to allow emerging forms of the disease to spread unchecked.

Tongue swabs and battery power

On March 24, 2026, the WHO issued updated guidelines recommending a suite of innovative diagnostic technologies designed to bring testing closer to the point of care. For decades, the primary hurdle in TB detection has been the reliance on sputum (phlegm) samples, which many patients, especially children and those with advanced HIV, struggle to produce.

The new recommendations introduce tongue swabs as a viable alternative, allowing for easy, non-invasive specimen collection. Furthermore, the WHO is championing near-point-of-care molecular tests that are portable, battery-operated, and can deliver results in less than an hour. These tests are projected to cost half the price of current molecular diagnostics, potentially saving billions in machine time and commodity costs.

“These new tools could be truly transformative,” said Dr Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus, WHO Director-General. “By bringing fast, accurate diagnosis closer to people, we can save lives, curb transmission, and reduce costs.”

Surge of the silent genital TB threat

However, technology alone cannot solve the epidemic if patients remain in the shadows. In Kenya, health officials in Kirinyaga County have flagged a worrying surge in genital tuberculosis, a form of extrapulmonary TB that affects reproductive organs.

Unlike the more common pulmonary TB, which affects the lungs, genital TB is often misdiagnosed due to low awareness and significant social stigma. In women, the bacteria can spread to the uterus, leading to permanent fertility complications if not caught early. Health experts emphasise that while TB is airborne and not a sexually transmitted infection, the stigma surrounding reproductive health often prevents men and women from seeking care.

In hotspots like Mwea, officials are now taking screening services directly to markets and social spaces to reach men, who are currently the most affected group due to delayed health-seeking behaviour.

Funding paradox

The irony of the 2026 TB response lies in the widening gap between scientific innovation and financial reality. The WHO notes that every dollar invested in TB generates up to $43 in health and economic returns. Yet, global health funding is facing severe cuts.

In Kenya, Members of Parliament recently warned that a funding shortfall, dropping from Kshs 1.3 billion to roughly Kshs 1 billion over the last two years, could reverse decades of progress. These cuts directly impact the rollout of the very technologies the WHO is recommending, such as digital X-rays and the maintenance of GeneXpert machines.

“Every time we reduce funding for these diseases, we risk losing the gains we have made,” warned Patrick Munene, MP for Chuka Igambang’ombe. “Eventually, even the investments already made will go to waste.”

Yes! We can end TB

The theme for World TB Day 2026, “Yes! We can end TB: Led by countries, powered by people,” serves as a rallying cry and a warning. Science has provided tools such as tongue swabs for the hard-to-test, portable machines for remote villages, and shorter treatment regimens that have reduced drug-resistant TB therapy from 18 months to just six.

But to bridge the gap between a laboratory breakthrough and a cured patient, the global community must address the funding crisis. Without sustained investment and a concerted effort to dismantle the stigma of silent forms like genital TB, the world’s oldest pandemic may continue to claim many lives every single day.

For more, click HERE to join our WhatsApp channel!

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Health

‘Yes! We Can End TB’: But Can WHO’s Diagnostic Tools Survive Funding Crunch?

Published

on

As the world observed World Tuberculosis Day on 24th March 2026, the global fight against one of history’s deadliest infectious diseases stands at a crossroads. While the World Health Organisation (WHO) has unveiled transformative new diagnostic tools, local health systems, particularly in high-burden countries like Kenya, are sounding the alarm over a funding crisis that threatens to allow emerging forms of the disease to spread unchecked.

Tongue swabs and battery power

On March 24, 2026, the WHO issued updated guidelines recommending a suite of innovative diagnostic technologies designed to bring testing closer to the point of care. For decades, the primary hurdle in TB detection has been the reliance on sputum (phlegm) samples, which many patients, especially children and those with advanced HIV, struggle to produce.

The new recommendations introduce tongue swabs as a viable alternative, allowing for easy, non-invasive specimen collection. Furthermore, the WHO is championing near-point-of-care molecular tests that are portable, battery-operated, and can deliver results in less than an hour. These tests are projected to cost half the price of current molecular diagnostics, potentially saving billions in machine time and commodity costs.

“These new tools could be truly transformative,” said Dr Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus, WHO Director-General. “By bringing fast, accurate diagnosis closer to people, we can save lives, curb transmission, and reduce costs.”

Surge of the silent genital TB threat

However, technology alone cannot solve the epidemic if patients remain in the shadows. In Kenya, health officials in Kirinyaga County have flagged a worrying surge in genital tuberculosis, a form of extrapulmonary TB that affects reproductive organs.

Unlike the more common pulmonary TB, which affects the lungs, genital TB is often misdiagnosed due to low awareness and significant social stigma. In women, the bacteria can spread to the uterus, leading to permanent fertility complications if not caught early. Health experts emphasise that while TB is airborne and not a sexually transmitted infection, the stigma surrounding reproductive health often prevents men and women from seeking care.

In hotspots like Mwea, officials are now taking screening services directly to markets and social spaces to reach men, who are currently the most affected group due to delayed health-seeking behaviour.

Funding paradox

The irony of the 2026 TB response lies in the widening gap between scientific innovation and financial reality. The WHO notes that every dollar invested in TB generates up to $43 in health and economic returns. Yet, global health funding is facing severe cuts.

In Kenya, Members of Parliament recently warned that a funding shortfall, dropping from Kshs 1.3 billion to roughly Kshs 1 billion over the last two years, could reverse decades of progress. These cuts directly impact the rollout of the very technologies the WHO is recommending, such as digital X-rays and the maintenance of GeneXpert machines.

“Every time we reduce funding for these diseases, we risk losing the gains we have made,” warned Patrick Munene, MP for Chuka Igambang’ombe. “Eventually, even the investments already made will go to waste.”

Yes! We can end TB

The theme for World TB Day 2026, “Yes! We can end TB: Led by countries, powered by people,” serves as a rallying cry and a warning. Science has provided tools such as tongue swabs for the hard-to-test, portable machines for remote villages, and shorter treatment regimens that have reduced drug-resistant TB therapy from 18 months to just six.

But to bridge the gap between a laboratory breakthrough and a cured patient, the global community must address the funding crisis. Without sustained investment and a concerted effort to dismantle the stigma of silent forms like genital TB, the world’s oldest pandemic may continue to claim many lives every single day.

For more, click HERE to join our WhatsApp channel!

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Health

Why You Might Want to Skip Using Your Hotel Kettle

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For many travellers, the first order of business upon entering a hotel room is flicking on the kettle for a restorative cup of tea or coffee. However, a wave of recent reports and a viral segment on ITV’s This Morning suggests that this seemingly innocent appliance might be the most unhygienic item in your suite.

Laundry hack no one asked for

The primary concern isn’t just limescale or old water. According to travel experts and hospitality insiders, a small but significant number of guests have been using hotel kettles for the purpose of washing their clothes, rather than for the intended purpose of beverage making.

As highlighted on This Morning, guests have been known to boil their dirty underwear and socks inside the kettle to sanitise them when they don’t have access to a laundry service. While the guests might think the boiling water cleans their garments, the practice leaves behind a bacterial soup for the next occupant.

Experts warn that while boiling water kills many pathogens, it may not reach a high enough temperature for a long enough duration to eliminate certain heat-resistant bacteria or chemical residues left behind by soiled clothing.

The view from the housekeeping staff

A housekeeper has further cemented this story at a luxury accommodation, who shared the grim reality of what happens behind closed doors. Speaking about the hidden habits of guests in high-end rentals and hotels, a cleaner based in Manchester provided a sobering look into what really goes on:

“You’d be surprised at how many treat the kettle like a general-purpose pot because they don’t want to use the sink. Unless there’s a complaint, kettles are usually just wiped on the outside and left in place.”

This revelation points to a major gap in hotel cleaning protocols. While sheets are laundered and surfaces are disinfected, the internal components of small appliances are rarely deep-cleaned between stays unless they are visibly filthy or reported as broken.

Should you be worried?

Well, what do you think?? While the idea of underwear tea is enough to turn anyone’s stomach, the actual health risk varies. Most bacteria are indeed killed at 100°C, but the psychological ick is hard to ignore.

The story has prompted frequent travellers to bring their own collapsible, food-grade silicone kettles to ensure their morning brew is actually fit for consumption. If you aren’t ready to pack your own appliance, travel experts suggest inspecting the inside of the kettle for any unusual residue or odours or sticking to the sealed coffee machine in the lobby.

Next time you’re in a five-star suite in Africa or beyond, you might want to think twice before hitting that switch. It goes without saying that if you didn’t bring it, you don’t know what’s been in it.

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